Appendix C

BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR PART 9: MEDICAL RISKS

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“Analysis of Less-Lethal Technologies:  Taser Versus Stinger.” [Documents released by the U.S. Dept. of Justice in response to a request by Aaron H. Matz, Perkins Coie Brown & Bain P.A., under the Freedom of Information Act/Privacy Act]. (Ft. Meyers, FL: Florida Gulf Coast University, 2005).

Anders, S., et al. “Cutaneous Current Marks Due to Stun Gun Injury.” [Abstract] (2003) 48:3 J. Forensic Sci. 640. 

Barton, Antigone. “Drugs shadow taser cases.” Palm Beach Post (August 15, 2005), online: http://www.palmbeachpost.com/search/content/state/epaper/2005/08/14/s1aTASERDEATHS0814.htm.

Ben-Yaakov, Schmuel. “Electrical Evaluation of the Taser M26 Stun Weapon.” (Beer-Sheva, Israel:  Ben-Gurion Univ. of the Negev, 2006), online:  Institute for the Prevention of In-Custody Deaths. http://www.ipicd.com/documents/12-30-06%20Israel%20Nat'l%20Police%20M26%20 Paper.pdf.

Bergen, Ryan. “Doctors Question Safety of Tasers.” National Review of Medicine. (2007) 4:19, online: National Review of Medicine. http://www.nationalreviewofmedicine.com/issue/2007/ 11_15-30/4_policy_politics_19.html.

Bleetman, A., R. Steyn & C. Lee. “Introduction of the Taser into British Policing. Implications for UK Emergency Departments: An Overview of Electronic Weaponry.” (2004) 21 Emerg. Med. J. 136.

Bouton, Katie, et al. “Physiological Effects of a Five Second TASER Exposure.” San Diego, CA:  Univ. of California, San Diego, Medical Center, Emergency Department [nd].

Bozeman, William P. & James E. Winslow. “Medical Aspects of Less Lethal Weapons.” (2005) 5:1 Internet Journal of Rescue and Disaster Medicine, online:  ISPUB.COM.

http://www.ispub.com/journal/the_internet_journal_of_rescue_and_disaster_medicine/ volume_5_number_1_36/article/medical_aspects_of_less_lethal_weapons.html.

Bozeman, William P., et al. “Injury Profile of TASER Electrical Conducted Energy Weapons (CEWs).” Winston-Salem, N.C.:  Wake Forrest Univ. School of Medicine.

Bozeman, William P. “Safety and Epidemiology of Conducted Energy Weapons (CEWs).”  Presented to the Braidwood Inquiry.  June 2008.  PowerPoint Presentation.

Bozeman, William P. “Taser Medical Safety:  The State of the Science.” Presentation at the University of Florida.  February 2008.  PowerPoint Presentation. 

Bozeman, William P. [Letter to the Editor] “Withdrawal of Taser Electroshock Devices: Too Much, Too Soon.” (2005) 46:3 Ann. Emerg. Med.  300. 

Cao, Michael, et al. “Taser-Induced Ventricular Myocardial Capture Demonstrated by Pacemaker Intracardiac Electrograms.” (2007) 18(8) J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. 876. 

Chambers, Keith. Letter to the Braidwood Inquiry (July 4, 2008) in response to a request for his opinion of William P. Bozeman’s PowerPoint Presentation to the Inquiry [unpublished].

Chung, Andrew. “Are Tasers behind custody deaths? Numbers fluctuate but Canadian data suggest the real cause may be ‘excited delirium.’” Toronto Star (December 9, 2007), online: http://www.thestar.com/article/283863.

Dawes, Ronald, et al. “The Effect of the eXtended Range Electronic Projectile (XREP) on Breathing.” Presented at the Australasian College for Emergency Medicine Winter Symposium 2008 [unpublished], online:  TASER news release, July 3, 2008. http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=129937&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1171811&highlight=.

Dawes, D.M., et al. “15-Second Conducted Energy Weapon Exposure Does Not Cause Core Temperature Elevation in Non-Environmentally Stressed Resting Adults.” 176(2-3) Forensic Sci. Intl. 253.

Dawes, D.M., et al. “Neuroendocrine Effects of TASER X26 Conducted Energy Weapon as Compared to Oleoresin Capsicum.” (2007) 50:3 Annals. Emerg. Med. Suppl. S132.

Dennis, Andrew J., et al. “Acute Effects of TASER X26 Discharges in a Swine Model.” (2007) 63:3 J. TRAUMA Injury Infection and Critical Care 581.

Dorian, Paul & Kumaraswamy Nanthakumar. [Letter to the Editor] “Reply” (2007) 49:6 JACC 732.

Ely, Susan F. & Charles S. Hirsch. “Asphyxial Deaths and Petechiae: A Review.” (2000) 45:6 J. Forensic Sci. 1274.

“‘Excited Delirium’ case raises taser questions.” Canadian Press (March 11, 2007), online: http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20070311/excited_delerium_070311?s_name=budget2007&no_ads.

Farkas, Karen. “Summit judge rules Tasers not a factor in three deaths.” Metro (May 2, 2008), online: http://blog.cleveland.com/metro/2008/05/summit_judge_rules_tasers_not.html.

Fineschi, Vittorio, et al. “Electric Shock: Cardiac Effects Relative to Non-Fatal Injuries and Post-Mortem Findings in Fatal Cases.” (2005) 111 Intl. J. Cardiol. 6.

Fish, Raymond M. & Leslie A. Geddes. “Effects of Stun Guns and Tasers.” (2001) 358 Lancet 687.

Frechette, Alan & Mary Ellen Rimsza. “Stun Gun Injury: A New Presentation of the Battered Child Syndrome.” (1992) 89:5 Pediatrics 898.

Grainger, Peter. “Taser guns not tested by police: CTV finds.” CTV British Columbia (May 5, 2008), online: http://www.ctvbc.ctv.ca/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20080505/BC_Taser_ Testing_080505?hub=BritishColumbiaHome.

Haegeli, Laurent M., et al. “Effect of a Taser Shot to the Chest of a Patient with an Implantable Defibrillator.” (2006) 3:3 Heart Rhythm 339.

Ho, Jeffrey D., et al. “Absence of Electrocardiographic Change Following Prolonged Application of Conducted Energy Weapon in Physically Exhausted Adults.” [Abstract] (2007) 14:5 Acad. Emerg. Med. Suppl.1: 322. 

Ho, Jeffrey D., et al. “Absence of Electrocardiographic Effects Following Taser Device Application in Human Volunteers.” Fort Lauderdale, FL: Dept of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Med. Center [nd].

Ho, Jeffrey D., et al. “Cardiovascular and Physiologic Effects of Conducted Energy Weapon Discharge in Resting Adults.” (2006) 13:6 Acad. Emerg. Med. 589.

Ho, Jeffrey D., et al., “Echocardiographic Determination of Cardiac Rhythm During Trans-Thoracic Wireless Conducted Electrical Weapon Exposure” [poster] presented at the American College of Emergency Physicians Scientific Assembly, 2008, Chicago, Illinois, online: http://www.ipicd.com/docs/ACEP_08_HO_ECHO.jpg.

Ho, Jeffrey D., et al. “Echocardiographic Evaluation of Human Transcutaneous TASER Application Along the Cardiac Axis” [poster] presented at the Heart Rhythm Society, 29th Ann. Meeting, May 2008, online: http://www.taser.com/research/Science/Documents/Ho%20Echo% 20Eval%20HRS%202008.pdf.

Ho, Jeffrey D., et al. “Impact of CEW in a Mentally Ill Population: A Brief Report.” (2007) 25 Am. J. Emerg. Med. 780.

Ho, Jeffrey D., et al. “Physiologic Effects of Prolonged Conducted Energy Weapon Discharge on Acidotic Adults.” (2007) 14:5 Acad. Emerg. Med. Suppl. 1: 148.

Ho, Jeffrey D., et al. “Respiratory Effect of Prolonged Electrical Weapon Application on Human Volunteers.” (2007) 14:3 Acad. Emerg. Med. 197.

Holden, S.J., et al. “Electromagnetic Modelling of Current Flow in the Heart from Taser Devices and the Risk of Cardiac Dysrhythmias.” (2007) 52 Phys. Med. Biol. 7193.

Hood, I., D. Ryan & W.U. Spitz. “Resuscitation and Petechiae.” [Abstract] (1988) 9(1) Am. J. Forensic Med. Pathol. 35.

Ikeda, Noriaki, Akira Harada, & Tsuneo Suzuki. “Homicidal Manual Strangulation and Multiple Stun-Gun Injuries.” (1992) 13:4 Am. J. Forensic Med. Pathol. 320.

Jauchem, James R., et al. “Acidosis, Lactate, Electrolytes, Muscle Enzymes, and Other Factors in the Blood of Sus Scrofa Following Repeated TASER Exposures.” (2006) 161 Forensic Science Intl. 20.

Jauchem, James R. “Blood Factors of Sus Scrofa Following a Series of Three TASER Electronic Control Device Exposures.” (2008) 175 Forensic Science Intl. 166.

Jenkinson, Emma, Clare Neeson, & Anthony Bleetman. “The Relative Risk of Police Use-of-Force Options: Evaluating the Potential for Deployment of Electronic Weaponry.” (2006) 13 J. Clin. Forensic Med. 229.

Jensen, Peter Jorn, et al. “Electrical Injury Causing Ventricular Arrhythmias.” (1987) 57 Br. Heart J. 279.

Kedir, Shaun H. “Stunning Trends in Shocking Crimes: A Comprehensive Analysis of Taser Weapons.” (2006-07) 20:2 J. Health & Law 20: 357.

Kenny, John M., et al. “Human Effects Advisory Panel Report of Findings: Sticky Shocker Assessment.” (State College, PA: Penn State Univ., Applied Research Laboratory, 1999), online:  TASER. http://www.taser.com/Search/Results.aspx?k=john%20kenny.

Kim, Paul J. & and Wayne H. Franklin. [Letter to the Editor] “Ventricular Fibrillation after Stun-Gun Discharge.” (2005) 353:9 N. Engl. J. Med. 958.

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Kloner, R.A., et al. “Effects of Acute and Chronic Cocaine Use on the Heart.” (1992) 85:2 Circulation 407.

Koscove, Eric. “The Taser Weapon: A New Emergency Medicine Problem.” (1985) 14:12 Ann. Emerg. Med. 1205.

Kroll, Mark W. “Crafting the Perfect Shock.” (2007) IEEE Spectrum, online: ieee spectrum. http://spectrum.ieee.org/dec07/5731/2.

Kroll, Mark W., et al. [Letter to the Editor] “Electronic Control Devices.” (2008) 179(4) CMAJ 342.

Kroll, Mark W., Hugh Calkins & Richard M. Luceri. [Letter to the Editor] “Electronic Control Devices and the Clinical Milieu.” (2007) 49:6 JACC 732.

Lakkireddy, Dhanunjaya R., et al. “Can Electrical-Conductive Weapons (Taser) Alter Functional Integrity of Pacemakers and Defibrillators and Cause Rapid Myocardial Capture?” [Abstract] Heart Rhythm Society, 29^th Annual Meeting, May 2008 [unpublished], online:  http://www.abstracts2view.com/hrs/view.php?nu=HRS08L_6517.

Lakkireddy, Dhanunjaya R., et al. “Cardiac Effects of Electrical Stun Guns: Does Position of the Barbs Contact Make Any Difference?” [Abstract] (2008) 31:4 PACE  398.

Lakkireddy, Dhanunjaya R., et al. “Cardiovascular Safety Profile of Electrical Stun Guns (TASER): Impact of Point of Delivery on Ventricular Fibrillation Thresholds.” (2006) online: http://www2.taser.com/research/Documents/Lakkiereddy%20Cleveland%20Clinic%20VF%20Threshold%20Barb%20Location.pdf.

Lakkireddy, Dhanunjaya R., et al. “Do Electrical Stun Guns (TASER-X26) Affect the Functional Integrity of Implantable Pacemakers and Defibrillators?” (2007) 9:7 Europace 551,  online: Eurospace. http://europace.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/eum058?ijkey=v5zONNAwEzrMZ P5&keytype=ref.

Lakkireddy, Dhanunjaya R., et al. “Effects of Cocaine Intoxication on the Threshold for Stun Gun Induction of Ventricular Fibrillation.” (2006) 48:4 J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 468.

Layton, Julia. “Are people in police custody dying of excited delirium?” howstuffworks (February 28, 2007), online: howstuffworks. http://people.howstuffworks.com/excited-delirium.htm.

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McBride, Dennis K. and Natalie B. Tedder. (2005) Efficacy and Safety of Electrical Stun Devices: A Potomac Institute for Policy Studies Report.  Online:  Potomac Institute for Policy Studies. http://www.potomacinstitute.org/research/Stun%20Devices%20Report_FINAL.pdf.

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Nanthakumar, Kumaraswamy, et al. “Cardiac Stimulation with High Voltage Discharge From Stun Guns.” (2008) 178:11 CMAJ 1451.

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